Long time ago, when there were so few people that they could just pick up the wild corn and wild wheat on the field and eat them. However, nowadays if the food source of the 7.4 million people depends on the wild plants, then statically most of the people will starve to death, because without the circulation of the agricultural resources, the population will out place the qualities of crops, maybe even cause the crops to extinct. Why will crops get out place so easily then? Most people in the earth depend on such three types of crops as wheat, corn and rice. For one stalk of corn, fortunately, there are two ears of corn (What Is a Bushel). For one bushel of wheat, which equals to 60 pounds, a flourmill can grind less than one pound of flour, which will yield not even one loaf of bread (Wheat Life). One seed of rice can produce up to 300 grains. Without organized planting of rice, there can hardly be any rice. Even to this day, the wild rice are very hard to collect and very expensive on the market. One of the similarities of wheat, corn and rice is that they all grow in a linear function, because one stalk of corn produces two ears, and two talks of corn produce 4 ears, not five ears or more. The same thing applies to wheat and rice. When human couples have babies, they can have one or as much as they want until the point they lose the ability for it. To a certain point when the crops can less than the total human population, people will starve to death. Obviously, the survival of human depends on organized agriculture. What distinguish the organized agriculture from just agriculture? Is it well-developed technology? It is partially right. The most significant part is that organized agriculture requires the output of the agricultural products is enough for the demands for food. One of the US Department of Agriculture's tasks is to collect data on amount of different food. The Department of Agriculture has database that has the data on food, trade, and so on. However, this won't help much for the local farmers, because the number they have is too abroad to calculate for each local farms. Therefore, the fact is that by the population growing, the farmers have no doubt on how much they have to produce but more based on their self-interest, because no one can force them to. 

According to the previous conclusion for the farmers, we look back on the output on the agricultural product, referring to figure one; we can see that the output line, which is the domestic use of grains, has ups and downs according to the line of demand. This is important because the local minimum and local maximum represent the deficiency and sufficiency of the goods according to the population. Furthermore, if you think one local maximum and one local minimum go up and down of the demands of certain product of population is together as a set, like a heartbeat, then the one set is called a tempo. Therefore, the first part of this paper will establish the definition and creation of tempo, and the second part of this paper will use the relationship of wheat and energy within population growth to interpret the term tempo. 

 Before the further explanation of tempo, this paper needs to clarify the reasons of population growth, which is the line of linearity, in order to discuss the line of cyclicality. The population growth has its certain pattern either. Why does the population need to grow? First of all, if we look over the origin of population growth, it is a phenomenon and a consequence of society decision. Furthermore, we cannot the population growth just because a family decides to have one more baby, but what we see is that how much the population goes up during a period of time. Therefore, looking back to the history, we could have a clear answer of in what circumstances population would grow. There are three periods in human history that population grows massively comparing to the population at that time period. When the Neolithic Revolution occurred, human population expanded. However, due to the historic data, we only know there was a dramatically expansion in human population, but the number remains mystery. One of the reasons Neolithic Revolution occurred is that human gathered, and started agricultural transition. In other words, humans started to plant agricultural products in order to feed themselves, and the extra food they get from planting is the acceptance for more people. Furthermore, a sense of efficiency was create in people's life, because organized agricultural saved them time. The second population expansion happened in Western Europe during the Industrial Revolution. In population stance, people had more access to new technologies and natural resources, and then people were ready to accept more populations, because human started to use iron and coal to produce massive goods (Noble, 580). Furthermore, a sense of efficiency was created in people's life, because massive produced goods and strong engines saved time, such as clocks, locomotives and so on. The third and last period is the modern era, which is right now. Most of the countries in the world establish economic relationship and are peaceful most of the places, so the global population grows rapidly. Most importantly, technologies are everywhere, and they create efficiency for people to communicate and organize data. Relating all these knowledge back to the linearity vs. cyclicality, we can see the population growth stands for the linearity. It is not technique a linear line, but it is a line of linearity growing steadily and smoothly. Moreover, the previous context mentioned many revolutionary products or techniques, like clock, computers, and so on, make people's life efficient. This efficiency creates boosts for what people produce. For example, the boosts can help farmer plant more and harvest more. Therefore, the boost alters the output, and creates a line of cyclicality, which goes up and down. 

Continue with figure one, the darker line represents the population. Because of the small range of x-value, we can only see a little bit of the slope, which is going up. Comparing to the darker line, the grey line, which represents the amount of output used domestically, has instability. Interestingly, it always stays around the steady population growth. A tempo is like a beat when the grey lines shows a local maximum and a local minimum, which does not have to go above or below the black line. However, in my theory, a proper tempo should always have a local maximum above the linearity line and a local minimum below the linearity line while they have the same units, because the ideology behind it is that once the output goes down, people find the alternative for the output and prove their efficiency on producing the output; then it results in more output than demands, so following the rhythm of the tempo can result in progressive behavior. Furthermore, we can use the method of standard deviation to measure how good is the tempo for a certain scenario. Standard deviation is the square root of variance, and it interprets how spread out the output of certain goods is. In figure one, the mean of domestic use of the grains is = 311.14 million metric tons. The next step is to subtract every individual value by 345.71, so the results are the distance for each individual value to the average. Also some values after calculations are negative, which is correct, because it means it is below the average. The standard deviation should be . However, specifically in this case the mean of my individual values, which are the dependent variable, is comparing to the line that represents linearity. Therefore, instead of subtracting my dependent variables by the mean, I should subtract my dependent variables by the independent variables, which is the population or demands of population, because the standard deviation is to calculate for spread out my values are according to the mean, and we need to measure how spread out my outputs are according to the demands. If the result is small, that means the rebounds are closer to each other, and if the result is large, that means the rebound is farther away from each other. They do not mean the tempo is better or worse, but the steadiness of the tempo. The larger the result is, the less steady the tempo is, vice versa. In conclusion, I believe the in between is the best, which means a line neither too steady nor too fluctuating is the best.

To analysis tempo in relation with energy, I have to introduce Julian Simon, who is "a technological optimist" from academic peer review journal (Salonius et al, 844). The term "technological optimist" describes the people who believe the future will not be terminated and have faith on there will be no shortfall of agricultural products and natural resources (Hochschild et al, Technology Optimism or Pessimism). Julian Simon's purposed too many theories to discuss in this essay. Moreover, a scholar website concludes one of his theories as "natural resources are not finite in any serious way; they are created by the intellect of man, an always renewable resource" (). First of all, this conclusion fits exactly what the peer review journal describes his him. Therefore, we can accept the creditability of this quote. Second, he points out that the intellect of man is the creator of natural resources; this is interesting, because he compares an abstract resource to all the physically existing resources. Lastly, he describes human intellect resources as renewable, which means at the same time he acknowledges that there are many nonrenewable resources. That means some of the resources can run out logically, but Simon still says natural resources are not finite. Why? The rest of the paper will use the property of tempo to explain the theory of why energy resources and agricultural resources will always sufficient; at the same time, much creditability should belong to Julian Simon, who enlightened me on this theory. In the tempo theory that I introduced earlier, we can see there are one local minimum and a local maximum for each tempo on the linearity vs. cyclicality graph. In this case, the demands of energy by population will be the independent variable, which is the smooth increasing line, and the amount of accessible resources is the dependent variable, which is the line of cyclicality. Furthermore, if we can see the dependent variable running low and running high, then it means we stayed in a tempo that will have a brighter future. Therefore, looking through the graph of the United States use of energy, we can see there are an increase on natural gas and a decrease on coal, which had been one of the main resources since 1850s (eia, "Energy Perspectives"). First of all, the usage of coal and natural gas are fairly similar. Both of coal and natural gas are burnt and created the heat for power plants to create electricity and other recourse. Of course, the demands for resources like electricity is like a line of linearity, growing steadily and smoothly. While the coal started to decrease and the natural gas started to increase, there was a shortage of the output of energy resources. The reason that this short insufficiency occurred is that the technique of digging natural gas was not mature enough and it was the first time using so much natural gas in vast majority that people are not comfortable with. All these reasons might drag the output behind, but once people became more used to the natural gas and more mature techniques were developed, there was a leap of the output of energy resources that we have a sufficient amount of energy for the demands according to United States. By looking over this case, obviously a proper tempo appears. While the transition from coal to natural gas, some of mistakes occurred and drops the output of energy resources slightly down, which creates the local minimum in a tempo; while the shifting is mature enough, power plants and industry companies are efficient with the use of it, which creates the local maximum in a tempo. As what we discussed earlier, a tempo with one local minimum and one local maximum has a proper and progressive sign. Furthermore, this case about energy fits into the definition of a good tempo, so the switching of energy sources is a wise choice. Relating this case back to Julian Simon's conclusion, we can see the intellect of man actually becomes the source of replacing energy resource coal with natural gas. Therefore, a proper and progressive tempo comes from using the intellect of man. 

From the introduction, we can see the process of the corporation between population growth and agriculture. Furthermore, the graphs also explains the how the 

Anyway, I believe no matters coal or natural gas and whatever we use will eventually run out. I do not have the ability to foresee that we should use natural gas instead of coal, and I cannot point out what will replace the natural gas in the future. However, may the tempo be with the intellect of man. 

